Kudler Fine Foods Database Project Essay -- on-line ordering system bu

Kudler Fine Foods Database Project Background and Business Application ProposalKudler Fine Foods is an upscale specialty food store, servicing the fine food conesouer from their ternion California locations. Kudlers business objective is to maximize dinero by offering the highest quality products at competitive prices. Through adding the on-line ordering system, Kudler hopes to boost profits by increasing their customer base beyond customers in their local areas. The Kudler on-line ordering system will add three important advantages to Kudler customers. First, the on-line ordering system will allow period Kudler customers to access the system, place their order, and have it ready for pickup when they arrive at the store. The second benefit for Kudler?s on-line clientele is the added convenience of local delivery service. This feature, allows the customer to place their order and select a timeframe in which the order will be delivered to their space or place of business. The third and final new offering from Kudler will be worldwide shipping. Using major shipping companies, such as national Express, UPS and DHL, Kudler will provide next day shipping to customers from around the world. Database Revisions to support Application ProposalIn order to implement these new services, the current Kudler database of necessity to be examined and revised. The current database is in a Microsoft Access format and provides a basic inventory system, as well as a list of current customers...

Incest :: essays research papers

INCESTI never in life want to see you again Door slams. Mother breaks down and cries again. She lies down in her room. Her son lies beside her to nurse her. Mom rubbed him, kissed, and told him she loved him. She woke him up in the morning he gathered his pajamas from the edge of the bed and on the floor. Mom today was extremely happy this morning. dad no longer being around and me taking his place was just the thing that mom needed.Are there true causes to why there is a desire to want to have sexual preferences with someone younger, vulnerable, and also in the family?This is stereotyped as incest or incestuous descent. A number of thing depression, obsession, passiveness and many others could cause this. When an offender tries to pursue this type of relationship, he or she may use bribing, manipulating situations and or threating action to get what they are after. Once the relationship is started. The victim will reject and will want to expedite the situation because he/she wi ll begin to feel that this is not normal. The victimizer is afraid to apprehension because as long as he/she know that it is a secret, they are safe since, it is lawfully wrong and may cause mental disturbance with the shaver for life. Father-daughter incest is responsible for 70-90 part of incestuous relationships, yet this may seem like the only type of incest although there are others Mother-son incest, the son wanting to keep the flummox happy after a separation, divorcee or death can cause this. The son feels as though he must uphold the responsibilities of a fatherly figure. While the son is innocently trying to help the mother, she is taking advantage of the generosity given by her son.Father-son incest is usually caused by a difficult or psychotic father figure, though it is not noticeable or violent. It may begin with mutual fondling, masturbation, oral genital contact, or exposures. This type of incestuous relationship is not found very often, it is considered to be b reaking two taboos first the molestation of a child, and second homosexuality. In this case homosexuality is considered to be unimportant as part of the motivation. Mother daughter incest is the least reported type of incest, studies show that 97 percent of ht e offenders are men. The 3 percent involve mother-son and mother-daughter relationships.

Da Vinci Surgical System Essay -- Robotics Surgery

-The Da Vinci Surgical System-What is the Da Vinci Surgical System?The Da Vinci Surgical System is a large purposeful robot controlled by a surgeon that performs minimally invasive surgical procedures on patients. The governing body incorporates an ergonomically designed surgeons console, a patient-side module with four interactive robotic arms, from each one with interchangeable surgical instruments and a 3-dimensional endoscopic vision system. Powered by high-tech supercomputers, the surgeons hand movements are scaled, filtered and then converted into precise movements of the surgical attachments. The designers of the system are a team of doctors, engineers and biomedical engineers at a company called Intuitive Surgical.The motivation that these designers had was to develop a surgical technique that would be minimally traumatic for patients and one that would speed up recovery time.The IndustryThe Da Vinci robot is part of the Biomedical Engineering industry. The industry is con cerned with the application of technology principles and techniques to the medical field. It combines expertise from medical and engineering disciplines to improve healthcare systems. The industry is very innovative and most universities now offer training in biomedical engineering. This is because it has always been a highly specialised field and required a designer to have both medical and engineering training and experience. Research and victimisation is a very important aspect of this industry and it is very draining on a companys funds. Great emphasis is also placed on point of intersection placement and marketing. Though these products are usually marketed towards industry professionals such as doctors and hospital management.The physical location and... ...rent control systems. These results would then been amalgamated and the development lick would then begin. Continual assessment of the development process is essential. If the current development strategies are unsucce ssful, new research would be undertaken to identify problems and try to minimise them. R&D is essential in ensuring the success of an innovation. With a strong R&D program products are more likely to be introduced as a market-leading product, as a successful product and as a profitable product.What is Robotic Surgery?Robotic Surgery is an emerging technology that utilizes purpose-built robots to perform surgical procedures on patients. At present these robots are not autonomous, they are controlled by a surgeon at all times. ThesuarusWikiIntuitive surgicalHowstuffworkshttp//www.amdocs.com/successstories.asp?CustomerID=76&SID=603

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

Animal FarmThe animals (characters) in this movie acted as though they were humans. At the beginning, everything seemed normal, although the animals spoke to one another. Before I knew it, everything got out of distribute and the people shot at the animals. Then, the animals attacked the people. The most depressing part of the whole movie was the fact that the pigs had all the author. The power to run the farm as they chose, the power to make the rules and the power to communicatewith the humans until greed took over and everything got out of hand.In the beginning of the movie, the Pilkingtons drove down the rode, their children were hitting the pigs with slingshots and it appeared to be a normal, okay thing to do. They didnt get in trouble in fact it was apparent that these boys needed some discipline. This family apparently had money and because of their social status, felt it was alright to treat animals and people, that werent of theircaliber, as if they meant nothing to soci ety. There was a great deal of class conflict between the family that lived on the farm, the Jones, and the Pilkingtons. The Jones owed money to the Pilkingtons and they were taunted throughout the movie about it. On the other hand, the animals had personalities of their own and were holding meetings in the bacillus. They would discuss such things as how bad they were being treated by Mr. Jones. He was an alcoholic and drank all the time. He treated the animals poorly and put his drinking and fun before taking care of them. Sometimes they wouldnt get feed for days. Meanwhile, Mr. Jones heard a lot ofnoise going on outside while the animals were having one of their meetings, so he took a shotgun out to the barn and shot into the barn killing the Old Major. Because Old Major was the lead pig and was shot and slaughtered, the other pigs decided it was time for a Revolution. presently after the shooting happened, the pig slaughterer tried to feed Jessie the sheepdog, the raw bones of Old Major. She knows its his bones and she refuses them and decides to walk away redden though she was starving.The pigs were the leaders of all the farm animals and had all the power to make the rules. As time went by, these pigs got more and more greedy and decided they would change the rules to their satisfaction.

French Revolution Essay -- essays research papers

ON 9th JULY 1797 the statesman and the philosopher Edmund murder died, after having contracted stomach cancer. He was buried in Beaconsfield Church near his Buckinghamshire home. Burke had been a distinguished Member of Parliament but never attained high office. His political career must be judged a failure.However, Edmund Burkes true legacy was contained in his extensive writings. In letters,pamphlets and books he expounded a coherent system of ideas about human naturethe organic state the benefits of prejudicethe dangers of government by out of sight consensus and the role of political parties.Two hundred years on, most scholars would agree that Burke had a gift for deep analysis conveyed in stylish slope prose.Yet the content of his work though remains controversial. Supporters included the poet William Wordsworth, who called Burke "the most sagacious politician of his age". Karl Marx, on the other hand, complained in Das Kapital that Burke was a bourgeois stooge of th e English ruling class. Marxists took particular offence at Burkes critique of egalitarianism, perhaps realising the radical threat which this presented to their own vision of a future society.Modern liberals and conservatives still acclaim some of Burkes ideas, but their interest is largely rhetorical. Burkes liberal tendencies would almost certainly not go far comely for todays liberals. His support for the abolition of slavery was only gradualist, his religious toleration did not extend to atheists (whom he saw as dangerous criminals) and, whilst in favour of check royal patronage, Burke supported monarchy and aristocracy. Meanwhile, his conservative defence of Parliament, the nation and the Anglican Church would presumably be a sheer embarrassment to todays Conservative Party, which has embraced European Union and a secular, free market ideology.This two-part article will outline some of Edmund Burkes key ideas and assess their relevance to nationalism. His contribution is an important one. Sadly, Burkes clarity and plump lack of political correctness must limit his appeal in the modern age. In 1997 and beyond Burke seems destined to become a disregarded prophet except to those who challenge the prevailing orthodoxy. 1.THE NATURE OF MANAll societies are based on a particular view of human nature. Todays view, springing from insight philosophy, is that peo... ...ng nature is unworkable, equality is "a monstrous fiction" (7). At worst, ambitious elites use equality as a pretext to reallocate resources to themselves. At best,well-intentioned lot see equality as no more than a benign aspiration. They think it would be just in theory but of course not when applied to themselves in practice, lest this endanger their own privileges. This is perhaps the greater error. "Abstract teachings,however appealing, cannot be applied directly to solve real political problems. Any blast to do so will have futile or harmful results. There is no such thing as a political principle which is good in itself, but not practicable. If it is not practicable then it is not good.In Part II of Edmund Burkes Legacy the focus will be on other pertinent aspects of Burkes thought. These include his views onprejudice as being a form of wisdom "human rights" as being rooted in a specific culture rather than inherited by all people the dangers of a dual system of government (open and secret) and Burkes belief that political parties should be ideological and that their ideologies should involved "pursuing the national interest.

Piping Plover :: science

Piping PloverIntroductionThe piping plover, a annulus now going extinct, was at one time very bountiful. When an brute is going extinct, it could mean a lot of things. The Piping Plover is an endangered species. An endangered species is a name for a plant or animal that is slowly dying out. This bird is experiencing population drops, so it is called endangered. It is known to scientists as the Charadrius Melodus (ES Piping Plover). It mainly resides around the great(p) Lakes and sometimes lives along the Atlantic coast in Canada and the United States (Piping Plover Page). Piping plovers are sometimes found in Alberta as well (ES Piping Plover). People used to hunt this bird for sport, or for its feathers, which was a leading cause of its dramatic decline in population (Piping Plover Page). Piping plovers always return to the spot in which they were born, and go females to breed with (Piping Plover Page). They woo the female, and mate with her, producing eggs. Many efforts are be ing made to maintain, and increase the population of this struggling bird, and so far, they have maintained the species very well. home groundThe Piping Plover is a small, endangered bird. It is otherwise known as the Charadrius Melodus (ES Piping Plover). It lives, and breeds along the Atlantic coast of Canada, but usually around the Great Lakes, in Canada and the U.S.A (Piping Plover Page). Recently, it has been found in the Wasaga Beach area (Springwater News). This bird has not been seen in this area since 1978, so an area of Beach 1, where the Nottawasaga River enters Nottawasaga Bay was fenced off, and could remain closed until July (Springwater News). It also lives in and around Alberta (ES Piping Plover). These birds generally live on or close to beaches and lakes, usually places with water. This bird generally wants to be around places with sand, like beaches, because it can blend easily. The bird has a back that is sandy brown in colour, so predators cant see it (Piping Plover Page). They are constantly losing their home ground to buildings, pollution of lakes and ponds, and clearing of forests.Why the Species is At-RiskThis bird was added to the list of endangered species in 1986, when a total count of 300 was produced in the Alberta region (Piping Plover Page). There was a significantly large drop in the Plover population in the twentieth century, because people wanted them for their feathers, and also hunted them for sport (Piping Plover Page).

Piping Plover :: science

Piping PloverIntroductionThe piping plover, a bird now sledding extinct, was once really bountiful. When an animal is going extinct, it could mean a lot of things. The Piping Plover is an endangered species. An endangered species is a name for a plant or animal that is slowly dying out. This bird is experiencing population drops, so it is called endangered. It is known to scientists as the Charadrius Melodus (ES Piping Plover). It mainly resides virtually the Great Lakes and sometimes lives on the Atlantic coast in Canada and the United States (Piping Plover Page). Piping plovers are sometimes found in Alberta as well (ES Piping Plover). People used to melt down this bird for sport, or for its feathers, which was a leading cause of its dramatic decline in population (Piping Plover Page). Piping plovers always return to the spot in which they were born, and find females to breed with (Piping Plover Page). They woo the female, and mate with her, producing eggs. Many efforts are be ing made to maintain, and increase the population of this struggling bird, and so far, they have maintained the species very well.HabitatThe Piping Plover is a small, endangered bird. It is otherwise known as the Charadrius Melodus (ES Piping Plover). It lives, and breeds along the Atlantic coast of Canada, but usually around the Great Lakes, in Canada and the U.S.A (Piping Plover Page). Recently, it has been found in the Wasaga Beach area (Springwater News). This bird has not been seen in this area since 1978, so an area of Beach 1, where the Nottawasaga River enters Nottawasaga Bay was fenced off, and could bide closed until July (Springwater News). It also lives in and around Alberta (ES Piping Plover). These birds generally live on or close to beaches and lakes, usually places with water. This bird generally likes to be around places with sand, like beaches, because it can blend easily. The bird has a back that is sandy brown in colour, so predators cant see it (Piping Plover Page). They are ever losing their habitat to buildings, pollution of lakes and ponds, and clearing of forests.Why the Species is At-RiskThis bird was added to the list of endangered species in 1986, when a total count of 300 was produced in the Alberta region (Piping Plover Page). there was a significantly large drop in the Plover population in the twentieth century, because people wanted them for their feathers, and also hunted them for sport (Piping Plover Page).

Emotional Expression Essay

Emotional expression is most commonly known by the attitudes people run through and the facial expressions they carry in certain situations. You can head tell if someone is mad, upset, happy, or uncomfortable in a given situation. Whether most people realize it or not, their faces can be read uniform a book. Most of the time, you can look at someone and see their opinion on an issue without having to actually ask them what they think or how they feel. This is in truth helpful in most situations, but sometimes it would be better not to know what people think or how they feel so it doesnt influence your opinion on the issue.Many philosophers have investigated and studied facial expressions and the behaviors that are associated with these expressions. William James, a Harvard professor in the late 19th century, is a well known proponent of the view that perceiving the bodily changes during emotion constitutes the emotional experience, and without this perception, emotion would be pa le and colorless. James argued strongly that there is nothing in the headspring called emotion that precipitates bodily activity, rather the reverse is true (Theories of emotion). William James and Karl Lange created the James-Lange theory. This theory suggests that emotions follow behavioral responses to events. This means that how you feel about the event will get after your reaction, whether you ran away, stayed still, climbed a tree, etc. Behavioral actions always come before emotions come into place.Another well known philosopher of behavior is Charles Darwin. Darwins work exclamatory the biological utility of emotional expression. Thus, it contributed to the development of an evolutionary-expressive approach to emotion, which suggests that emotion exists because it contributes to survival (Oatley, 1992) (Emotional Processing). Darwin suggests that survival depends on emotional responses. This means that people essential feel and furbish up to an issue in order to make it out of the situation. If the person cannot relate to the issue or figure out what to do, then they will experience a negative outcome because they could not help their self out of the issue. In order to make it anywhere in a society, a person must be able to relate to the issue and have past experiences with the issue or know of a situation in which someone else did so they have an idea of how to handle the situation effectively.Emotional responses play an important part in the survival and maintenance of any person. In order to succeed in life, a person must be able to handle good and bad experiences and learn from the experiences so they can handle other things that life gives them. current situations involve other people and their feelings, so it is important for people to think of others in that situation so the feelings do not get hurt and you do not lose a friend. Other people have an effect on your emotions and you have an effect on their emotions, so always remember to be c autious in these situations and look out for others and not just yourself.

Blue Ocean Strategy Paper Essay

The gritty ocean strategy in grocery storeing is a distinctive method when it comes to edifice a customer base very different when it comes to competing within a certain type of industry. Instead of trying to compete in a herd market determine with existing companies, a blue ocean strategy will drive to create a complete cutting market instalment that has no completion or other firms to compete against. In this day in age of technology and the emergence of it and globalization the importance of a blue ocean strategy has grown in recent years and in my essay I will explain the approach and how it is employed in the advanced business environment,Blue ocean marketing strategy in marketingIn today cluttered industries companies have to consider the four ps of marketing when developing new offerings which include increase, placement, price and promotion. In order to complete within their industries they must give consumers a certain prize mesmerism for example a firm push aside offer a products at a very cost effective rate or at a higher quality than what is presently offered by other firms. In a blue ocean marketing strategy it would create an entirely new market causing a firm not having to worry about dealing with competition altogether.The blue ocean strategy, aims to create a new market place that will cause only one player in that industry eliminating any competition marketers build an entirely new product and service that is before long unknown to customers. In a case like this, it is vital to find effective ways to introduce and inform the public about the new product and service to develop awareness, interested and confidence. When product and service awareness has set in the new product will be positioned in point that provides no alternatives and allows much more effective branding tactics to be utilized.Modern examples of blue oceans movesThere have been several notable blue oceans moves in redbrick business recently particularly in the tec hnology realm the Nintendo Wii product shook up the gaming world when it was released 10yrs ago rather than compete with the ps3and Xbox Nintendo clear-cut to create a whole new gaming concept that used motion detectors instead of button controls the gaming system was received very rise up by gamers and built a new market with no direct competition I would require years of tech development for the companys main rivals to offer similar products another notable blue market strategy occurred with the launch of toms shoes instead of just selling shoes toms created a unique business model that is essentially a hybrid of a charity and a shoe manufacturer it became the only company were a consumer could corrupt a pair of shoes and have a comparable pair donated to a third world country this strategy gives consumers an additional level of value that no other shoe manufacturer such as Nike jimmy Choo could match.Alternative red oceans moveRed ocean strategy is the exact opponent move whi ch positions a product in an already crowded market place while it does sound attractive at that place are many benefits to competing in a mature market there is already a strong customer education about the types of p/s being sold there dore companies do not need to spend a large budget on educating the consumer the main con of a red ocean move is that it can be hard to find a lucrative niche in well established markets just imagine trying to create a new soda brand that directly competes with coca cola it would be very unlikely that this new soda brand could upset the worlds largest promiscuous drink supplier.ConclusionMany technology firms are now trying to implement blue ocean strategies to gain a competitive advantage in the market while there are many risks associated with their move it can be very lucrative if it successful ultimately marketers will need to believe the potential benefits and risks that can emerge from taking the plunge into the blue ocean of business.

Is404 Final Study Guide

IS404 Final Study Guide 1. p6 Need to know the 4 broad categories for technologies. a Networks b System c Processes d Applications 2. p5 Need to know entranceway check up on systems consists of 3 elements a Policies b Procedures c Tools 3. p16 The purpose of access control is to regulate interactions between a subject and an object, such as data, a mesh or device 4. p8 Need to know the Confidence in some(prenominal) authentication system can be measured by two components the type of correlation and the number of authentication factors 5. p21 access write in code control threats cannot be snow% eliminated because new ones are constantly being devised. . p26-27 Quantitative risk assessment relies on several calculations a Single Loss Expectancy (SLE) b annual Rate of Occurrence (ARO) c Annualized Loss Expectancy (ALE) 7. p24 Social engineering is the single roughly common strategy attackers use and its also the to the highest degree effective 8. p35 Under system application domain, patch management is what? Can be used to address security threats 9. p30 Where are access controls needed most? Unless there is an asset of special importance stored on the network, it is unnecessary to place separate access controls on each asset 10. 45 Significant a great deal of overlap in security layers 11. p45 A classification scheme is a method of organizing sensitive information into various access levels. 12. p46 Anyone can gain access to unclassified information through legal means via the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) -13. p48 The privacy act of 1974 is related to the federal government. 14. p52-53 Why would you need to class data? Risk avoidance 15. p58 Operational efficiency * The right information * The right people * The right time 16. p71-72 Whats a key indispensability for HIPAA? Security and privacy of Health data 17. 77 FERPA * Computer media * Written inventorys stored in the student folder * 18. p89 IT security policy framework consists of * P olicy * prototype * Guideline * Procedure 19. p107-108 Kinds of security breaches * System exploits * Eavesdropping * Social engineering * Denial of Service Attacks * Indirect attacks * Direct Access Attack 20. p98 Federal and state laws sustain been created to act as deterrents to information theft. 21. p99 DMCA Digital Millennium Copyright Act allows unauthorized disclosure of data by circumventing an established tech measure. 22. 120 customer access to data is the advent of the internet had made it easy for customers to order merchandise. 23. p130 Separation of responsibilities if an attacker compromises one account he or she will string denied for another account 24. p152 Acceptable Use Policy AUP Defines how an employee may use equipment. 25. p143 Social engineering is a strategy in which hackers exploit the general tender-hearted trust * Assumed identity * Believability * Multiple Contacts * Request for Help 26. p148-149 Job rotation reduces risk factors with separation of duties 27. 166 You can manage a ACLs in Microsoft using windows active directory or NFS version 4 28. p172 UNIX right are read, write, and execute 29. p172 No permissions has a value of zero 0 30. p165 Secure duck Another method is to secure the communications channel. You can use protocols such as Secure Socket Layer (SSL) to accomplish this 31. p168 Delegate Access Rights are granted from something that owns an object to another user or system 32. p209 Media Access Control is based on the sensitivity of the information contained in the objects. 33. p209-210 Role based Access Control * Role assessment Role authorization * Transaction authorization 34. p219 Kerberos uses strong cryptography in order for the client to prove its identity to the horde Single Sign in Method SSM 35. p228 All access point within a range display their SSIDs 36. p218 2 Factor Authentication something you have, something you know, something you are 37. p280 Need to know the three different types of remote access authenticating protocols PAP- CHAP- PPP 38. p273 Need to know the purpose of AAA Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting 39. p285 Internet Key exchange IKE, is the de facto standard of IPsec 40. 280 TACACS provides flexibility to network administrators by implementing AAA capabilities. RADIUS does not 41. p285 Web Authentication is needed where VPN is not available. 42. p293 Single server provides central digital signing and verification services 43. p306-307 PKI does not ensure that the end user can be trusted 44. p312 Authentication service validates the subscribers credentials for the registration pronouncement prior to the request for a digital certificate 45. p304 Non repudiation is a concept of assuring the originator cannot refute the origin of a statement document 46. 326 One advantage to non-intrusive testing methods can uncover valuable information about potential vulnerabilities. 47. p327 Vulnerability Assessment is the first step to hardening the network * Network scanners * Port scanners * Web Application scanners 48. p332 Breach response is double blind 49. p334 Code injection is an attack when a hacker injects malicious code into an input field, usually a web application 50. p340 The penetration testers is the major deliverable from any penetration test is the analysis and report delivered to the organization

Outline and evaluate Bruce and Young’s theory of face recognition Essay

The feel cognizance model developed by Bruce and Young has eight key parts and it suggests how we dish familiar and unfamiliar faces, including seventh cranial nerve expressions. The diagram below shows how these parts are interconnected. Structural encoding is where facial features and expressions are encoded. This information is translated at the same time, defeat two different pathways, to various units. adept being expression analysis, where the emotional state of the person is shown by facial features.By using facial patois analysis we can process auditory information. This was shown by McGurk (1976) who created two video clips, one with lip movements indicating Ba and other indicating Fa.Both clips had the sound Ba contend over the clip. However, participants heard two different sounds, one heard Fa the other Ba. This suggests that visual and auditory information work as one. Other units acknowledge Face Recognition Units (FRUs) and Person Identity Nodes (PINs) where o ur previous knowledge of faces is stored. The cognitive system contains all additional information, for example it takes into account your surroundings, and who you are likely to agnise there.fMRI scans done by Kanwisher et al. (1997) showed that the fusiform gyrus in the brain was more active in face recognition than object recognition, this suggests and supports the idea that face recognition involves a separate processing mechanism. This model suggests that we process familiar and unfamiliar faces differently. That we process familiar faces using morphological encoding, FRUs, PINs and Name Generation. However, we use structural encoding, expression analysis, facial expression analysis and direct visual processing to process unfamiliar faces.However, there is evidence by Young et al. suggesting that the idea of geminate association is poor. He studied 34 brain damaged men, finding there was only weak evidence for any difference between recognising familiar and unfamiliar faces . An issue with this study and the model itself, is the use of brain damaged patients to prove it works. This is because there is only a small sample size so it is hard to generalise to the wider population. It is also unclear if it is the brain injury itself that causes the result and if it isthe same for rose-cheeked population.There was a study done by Young, Hay, and Ellis (1985) that uses people with no medical issues. They asked people to keep a diary record of problems they experienced in face recognition. They found people never reported displace a delineate to a face while knowing nothing else about that person. This supports the model as it suggests that we cannot think of a persons name unless we know other contextual information about them.Prosopagnosia is a condition where a person cannot recognise familiar faces, but only the features, not the firm face. The condition contradicts the model as it suggests that the process are most likely not separate. As most patie nts had severe problems with facial expression as salutary as facial identity, this suggests they are processed separately.The model can also be seen as reductionist, as it only gives a vague description of what the cognitive system does. However, there is research that does support the concept that there are two are separate paths for processing face recognition and facial expression. One being Humphreys, Avidan, and Behrmann (2007) who studied three participants with developmental prosopagnosia. All three had poor ability to recognise faces, but their ability to recognise facial expressions was similar to that of healthy individuals.A study that suggests that units of face recognition are separate is Bruyer et al. (1983). Who investigated a patient unable to recognise familiar faces, but who could understand their facial expressions, which implies that facial expression analysis and name generation is separately processed. This supports Bruce and Youngs idea of separate units. Fu rther support for the idea of separate components of face recognition was shown by Campbell et al. (1986). They found a prosopagnosic who could not recognise familiar faces or identify their facial expressions, however they could perform speech analysis. This study suggested that facial speech analysis is a separate unit of face recognition.

Developmental Apraxia Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments Essay

Apraxia of speech is a neurological condition in which a person finds it infeasible to move their mouth or tongue to speak (Apraxia, 2005). There are two main types of apraxia they are acquired apraxia of speech and developmental apraxia of speech (Apraxia of spoken communication, 2002). This paper is almost developmental Apraxia of Speech, its symptoms, causes, and appropriate treatments.Developmental apraxia of speech is also called childhood apraxia of speech, because it is present from birth (2002). There are many symptoms of developmental apraxia, and each child may check different symptoms (Childhood, 1997). Some symptoms of very young children include problems eating, not cooing as an infant, late first formulates, problems combining sounds, and deleting difficult sounds and replacing them with easier ones more much than normal children (1997).In older children, symptoms can include making inconsistent sound errors, understanding of language better than their ability to talk, difficulty imitating speech, difficulty aspect long phrases or nomenclature clearly, difficulty for otherwises to understand their speech, and speech which sounds choppy or monotonous (1997). Other symptoms may include delayed language development, word order confusion, word recall issues, difficult fine motor development and coordination, over sensitivity or under sensitivity of the mouth, and trouble reading, writing, and spelling (1997). Because in that location are so many possible symptoms of developmental apraxia, it is important to have children evaluated by a professional to rule out other causes of speech problems (1997).Developmental apraxia is believed by many researchers to be a neurologically based speech-motor disorder, but exact causes have not been isolated (Causes of Apraxia, 2010). Researchers studies have not shown a difference or abnormalities in the brains of children with developmental apraxia (2002). Children with developmental apraxia often have f amily members with learning disabilities or colloquy disorders (2002). Researchers continue to conduct studies to find any brain abnormalities and genetic factors which may cause developmental apraxia (2005). Speech language therapy is used for treating developmental apraxia. Intensive intervention which begins early is best for children with this disorder (Lederman, 2012). In the beginning, children should have treatment 3-5 times per week (1997).Children diagnosed with developmental apraxia show improvement more quickly when they receive treatment individually (1997). Speech language therapy for children with developmental apraxia differs from the therapy of children with other language disorders (2012). Treatment is based on the principles of motor learning, including repetition to establish and develop motor plans, practice opportunities to maintain learned patterns, use of relevant words and phrases, increased sensory feedback, and work on sound and word sequences (2012). Ther e are lock away many things to learn about developmental apraxia, and studies regarding causes and treatments are still ongoing (2002). There is also research being done to find more specific criteria to identify and diagnose developmental apraxia and to distinguish it from other communication disorders (2002).ReferencesAmerican Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Childhood Apraxia of Speech (1997).www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/childhoodapraxia.htmLederman, D. (2012). Speech Language Therapy for Childhood Apraxia of Speech.www.donnalederman.com/disorder-types/apraxia-of-speech.phpNational Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. Apraxia of Speech(2002). www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/voice/pages/apraxia.aspxUniversity of Rochester Medical Center. Causes of Apraxia (2010). www.urmc.rochester.edu/speech-pathology/speech-language-disorders/apraxia/causes-apraxia.cfm Web MD. Apraxia Symptoms, Causes, Tests, Treatments (2005). www.webmd.com/Brain/apraxia-symptoms-cause s-tests-treatments

Digital Modulation Techniques

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY TERM PAPER Topic digital Modulation Techniques Course code ELE102 Course title electric science-II Submitted toSubmitted by Subrahmanyam Tanala Sirvishwajeet kumar SecK1901 RollB57 Contents INTRODUCTION 1 Aim 2 Analog changeover methods 3 Digital modulation methods o 3. 1 Fundamental digital modulation methods o 3. 2 Modulator and detector principles of operation o 3. 3 List of common digital modulation techniques 4 Digital baseband modulation or line coding 5 Pulse modulation methods 6 Miscellaneous modulation techniques 7 References INTRODUCTION In electronics, modulation is the branch of varying one or more properties of a high frequency periodic wave induce, called the aircraft carrier sign of the zodiac, with respect to a modulating repoint. This is done in a interchangeable fashion as a musician whitethorn modulate a tone (a periodic waveform) from a musical instrument by varying its volume, quantify and pitch. The three key parameter s of a periodic waveform are its bounteousness (volume), its descriptor (timing) and its frequency (pitch), all of which can be modified in accordance with a low frequency foreshadow to obtain the modulate signal.Typically a high-frequency sinusoid waveform is apply as carrier signal, but a square wave pulse train may also occur. Aim The aim of digital modulation is to transfer a digital chomp stream over an analog passband channel, for example over the public switched band network (where a bandpass filter limits the frequency range to among three hundred and 3400 Hz), or over a limited radio frequency band. The aim of analog modulation is to transfer an analog baseband (or lowpass) signal, for example an audio signal or TV signal, over an analog passband channel, for example a limited radio frequency band or a cable TV network channel. 2 Analog modulation methods In analog modulation, the modulation is applied continuously in response to the analog information signal. pic pic A low-frequency message signal (top) may be carried by an AM or FM radio wave. Common analog modulation techniques are Amplitude modulation (AM) (here the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal) o Double-sideband modulation (DSB) ? Double-sideband modulation with carrier (DSB-WC) ( uptaked on the AM radio broadcasting band) ?Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC) ? Double-sideband reduce carrier transmission (DSB-RC) o Single-sideband modulation (SSB, or SSB-AM), Angle modulation o Frequency modulation (FM) (here the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal) o mannequin modulation (PM) (here the phase parapraxis of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal) The accompanying figure shows the results of (amplitude-)modulating a signal onto a carrier (both of w hich are sine waves).At any point along the y-axis, the amplitude of the modulate signal is fitted to the sum of the carrier signal and the modulating signal amplitudes. pic pic simple(a) example of amplitude modulation. 3 Digital modulation methods In digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is modulated by a digital bit stream. Digital modulation methods can be considered as digital-to-analog conversion, and the corresponding demodulation or detection as analog-to-digital conversion. The changes in the carrier signal are chosen from a limited amount of M alternative symbols (the modulation alphabet). pic pic Schematic of 4 baud (8 bps) data link.A artless example A telephone line is designed for transferring audible sounds, for example tones, and not digital bits (zeros and ones). Computers may however communicate over a telephone line by means of modems, which are representing the digital bits by tones, called symbols. If there are four alternative symbols (correspondin g to a musical instrument that can arrive four different tones, one at a time), the first symbol may represent the bit sequence 00, the second 01, the third 10 and the tail 11. If the modem plays a melody consisting of 1000 tones per second, the symbol rate is 1000 symbols/second, or baud.Since each tone (i. e. , symbol) represents a message consisting of two digital bits in this example, the bit rate is twice the symbol rate, i. e. 2000 bits per second. This is similar to the technique used by dialup modems as opposed to DSL modems. . According to one definition of digital signal, the modulated signal is a digital signal, and according to another definition, the modulation is a form of digital-to-analog conversion. Most textbooks would consider digital modulation schemes as a form of digital transmission, synonymous to data transmission very few would consider it as analog transmission. . 1 Fundamental digital modulation methods The most rudimentary digital modulation technique s are based on keying In the case of PSK (phase-shift keying), a finite number of phases are used. In the case of FSK (frequency-shift keying), a finite number of frequencies are used. In the case of ASK (amplitude-shift keying), a finite number of amplitudes are used. In the case of QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation), a finite number of at least two phases, and at least two amplitudes are used. FSK The two binary states, logic 0 (low) and 1 (high), are each be by an analogue waveform.Logic 0 is represented by a wave at a specific frequency, and logic 1 is represented by a wave at a different frequency. Below shows the basic representation. picpic With binary FSK, the centre or carrier frequency is shifted by the binary input data. therefore the input and output rates of change are equal and therefore the bit rate and baud rate equal. The frequency of the carrier is changed as a function of the modulating signal (data), which is being transmitted. Amplitude remains unchange d. Two fixed-amplitude carriers are used, one for a binary zero, the other for a binary one. Uses of FSK.Today FSK Modems are used for short haul data communication over private lines or any dedicated wire pair. These are many used for communication between industrial applications like railroad signalling controls and mobile robotic equipment. The short haul modem offers the following specs Speeds of up to 9600 bps Full-duplex or half duplex operation. Distance up to 9. 5 miles In the past FSK was used in the Bell 103 and Bell 202. These were the first data modem but due to their low bit rate there not being used any more. The Bell 103 had a data rate of completely 300 bauds. This modem was predominant until the early 1980s. pattern teddy bear Keying PSK Phase shift keying (PSK) is a method of transmitting and receiving digital signals in which the phase of a transmitted signal is varied to convey information. The simplest form of PSK has only two phases, 0 and 1. It is theref ore a type of ASK with (t) taking the values -1 or 1, and its bandwidth is the same as that of ASK. The digital signal is broken up time sapiential into individual bits (binary digits). The state of each bit is determined according to the state of the preceding bit. If the phase of the wave does not change, then the signal state girdle the same (low or high).If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is, if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low) If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is, if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low). Because there are two workable wave phases, this form of PSK is sometimes called bi-phase modulation. If two or more of the same logic level are received in pulling out the frequency ordain remain the same until the logic level changes. Variants of PSK. -Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Use alternative sine wave phase to encode bits Simple to implement, inefficient use of bandwidth Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) demonstrates better performance than ASK and FSK. PSK can be expanded to a M-array scheme, employing multiple phases and amplitudes as different states. Phase Shift Keying PSK Phase shift keying (PSK) is a method of transmitting and receiving digital signals in which the phase of a transmitted signal is varied to convey information. The simplest form of PSK has only two phases, 0 and 1. It is therefore a type of ASK with (t) taking the values -1 or 1, and its bandwidth is the same as that of ASK.The digital signal is broken up time wise into individual bits (binary digits). The state of each bit is determined according to the state of the preceding bit. If the phase of the wave does not change, then the signal state stays the same (low or high). If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is, if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low) I f the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is, if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low).Because there are two possible wave phases, this form of PSK is sometimes called bi-phase modulation. If two or more of the same logic level are received in secession the frequency will remain the same until the logic level changes. Variants of PSK. a)Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Use alternative sine wave phase to encode bits Simple to implement, inefficient use of bandwidth pic Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) demonstrates better performance than ASK and FSK. PSK can be expanded to a M-array scheme, employing multiple phases and amplitudes as different states.Filtering can be employed to avoid spectral spreading. b)Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Multilevel modulation technique 2 bits per symbol More spectrally efficient, more mixed receiver picpicpic Quadrature Phase Shift Keying is effectively two independent BPSK syste ms (I and Q), and therefore exhibits the same performance but twice the bandwidth efficiency. Output waveform is sum of modulated Cosine and Sine wave. Variants of QPSK pic Conventional QPSK has transitions through zero (i. e.. 180o phase transition). Highly linear amplifier required. In Offset QPSK, the transitions on the I and Q channels are staggered. Phase transitions are therefore limited to 90o ? /4-QPSK the set of constellation points are toggled each symbol, so transitions through zero cannot occur. This scheme produces the lowest envelope variations. Uses of PSK Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) BPSK is mainly used in deep space telemetry and also cable modems Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and it Variants Satellites CDMA, (Code-Division Multiple Access) refers to any of several protocols used in so-called second-generation (2G) and third-generation (3G) wireless communications. TETRA, Terrestrial Trunked Radio) is a set of standards developed by the European Tel ecommunications Standardization Institute (ETSI) that describes a common mobile radio communications infrastructure throughout Europe This infrastructure is targeted primarily at the mobile radio needs of public safety groups (such(prenominal) as police and fire departments), utility-grade companies, and other enterprises that provide voice and data communications services. LMDS, (Local Multipoint Distribution System) is a system for broadband microwave wireless transmission direct from a topical anesthetic antenna to homes and businesses within a line-of-sight radius, a solution to the so-called last-mile technology problem of economically bringing high-bandwidth services to users. . 3. 3 List of common digital modulation techniques The most common digital modulation techniques are Phase-shift keying (PSK) o Binary PSK (BPSK), using M=2 symbols Quadrature PSK (QPSK), using M=4 symbols o 8PSK, using M=8 symbols o 16PSK, using M=16 symbols o Differential PSK (DPSK) o Differential QPSK (DQPSK) o Offset QPSK (OQPSK) o ? /4QPSK Frequency-shift keying (FSK) o Audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK) o Multi-frequency shift keying (M-ary FSK or MFSK) o Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) o Continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) On-off keying (OOK), the most common ASK form M-ary vestigial sideband modulation, for example 8VSB Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) a combination of PSK and ASK o Polar modulation like QAM a combination of PSK and ASK. citation needed Continuous phase modulation (CPM) methods o Minimum-shift keying (MSK) o Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation o discrete multitone (DMT) including adaptive modulation and bit-loading. Wavelet modulation Miscellaneous modulation techniques The use of on-off keying to transmit Morse code at radio frequencies is known as continuous wave (CW) operation. Adaptive modulation Space modulation A method whereby signals are modulated within airspace, such as that used in Instrument landing systems. 7 REFRENCES J. R. Barry, E. A. Lee, D. G. Messerschmidt, Digital Communication, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004. www. wikipedia. org Communication systems (Simon Haykin), Wiley India

Chapter 29 The Dream

It comes trim down to this, verbalize Hermi genius, rubbing her forehead. Either Mr. Crouch attacked Viktor, or somebody else attacked some(prenominal) of them when Viktor wasnt look.It mustve been Crouch, express Ron at once. Thats why he was gone when kindle and Dumbledore got there. Hed done a runner.I dont c on the whole up so, state chevy, shaking his head. He overtakemed re tout ensemble(a)y weak I dont reckon he was up to Disapparating or anything.You cant Disapparate on the Hogwarts grounds, gont I told you enough convictions? verbalise Hermione.Okayhows this for a theory, verbalise Ron excitedly. Krum attacked Crouch no, hold in for it and thus Stunned himselfAnd Mr. Crouch evaporated, did he? state Hermione coldly.Oh yeahIt was daybreak. devil, Ron, and Hermione had crept forbidden of their dormitories very early and travel rapidly up to the Owlery to removeher to send a none to Sirius. Now they were standing looking at out at the misty grounds. All t hree of them were puffy-eyed and pale because they had been talking late into the night to the highest degree Mr. Crouch.Just go through it again, elicit, said Hermione. What did Mr. Crouch actually say?Ive told you, he wasnt do much sense, said kindle. He said he wanted to warn Dumbledore more or less something. He definitely mentioned Bertha Jorkins, and he seemed to gauge she was dead. He kept saying stuff was his fault.He mentioned his son.Well, that was his fault, said Hermione testily.He was out of his mind, said fire. Half the time he seemed to think his wife and son were s trough alive, and he kept talking to Percy about form and giving him instructions.Andremind me what he said about You-Know-Who? said Ron tentatively.Ive told you, Harry repeated dully. He said hes channelting stronger.There was a pause. then(prenominal) Ron said in a falsely confident voice, notwithstanding he was out of his mind, exchangeable you said, so half of it was probably and raving.He was sanest when he was act to talk about Voldemort, said Harry, and Ron winced at the run short of the holler. He was having real trouble stringing ii words together, exactly that was when he seemed to cognize where he was, and know what he wanted to do. He hardly kept saying he had to see Dumbledore.Harry glowering away from the window and stared up into the rafters. The umteen perches were half-empty every now and then, an opposite owl would swoop in through one of the windows, returning from its nights hunting with a mouse in its beak.If Snape hadnt held me up, Harry said bitterly, we mightve got there in time. The headmaster is busy. muck aroundwhats this rubbish, Potter? Why couldnt he swallow simply now got out of the way?Maybe he didnt want you to get there said Ron quickly. Maybe hang on how fast dyou reckon he couldve gotten down to the wood? Dyou reckon he couldve beaten you and Dumbledore there?Not unless he can turn himself into a cricket bat or someth ing, said Harry.Wouldnt adorn it prehistorical him, Ron muttered.We need to see professor Moody, said Hermione. We need to limit out whether he found Mr. Crouch.If he had the Marauders Map on him, it wouldve been easy, said Harry.Unless Crouch was already orthogonal the grounds, said Ron, because it only shows up to the boundaries, doesnt -Shh said Hermione suddenly.Somebody was climbing the steps up to the Owlery. Harry could pick up 2 voices arguing, coming closely-nighr and closer.- thats coerce, that is, we could get into a lot of trouble for that-- weve tried being polished its time to play dirty, standardized him. He wouldnt a handle(p) the Ministry of Magic knowing what he did -Im disuniteing you, if you mystify that in writing, its blackmailYeah, and you wont be complaining if we get a nice fat payoff, will you?The Owlery threshold banged open. Fred and George came over the threshold, then froze at the sight of Harry, Ron, and Hermione.Whatre you doing here? Ron and Fred said at the same time.Sending a letter, said Harry and George in unison.What, at this time? said Hermione and Fred.Fred grinned.Fine we wont ask you what youre doing, if you dont ask us, he said.He was holding a sealed envelope in his hands. Harry beholdd at it, provided Fred, whether minutely or on purpose, shifted his hand so that the name on it was covered.Well, dont let us hold you up, Fred said, making a mock bow and pointing at the door.Ron didnt move. Whore you blackmailing? he said.The grin vanished from Freds face. Harry saw George half glance at Fred, before smiling at Ron.Dont be stupid, I was only joking, he said easily.Didnt sound want that, said Ron.Fred and George looked at each other. Then Fred said abruptly, Ive told you before, Ron, elapse your nuzzle out if you like it the shape it is. mountaint see why you would, just -Its my business if youre blackmailing someone, said Ron. Georges right, you could end up in solemn trouble for that.Told yo u, I was joking, said George. He walked over to Fred, pulled the letter out of his hands, and began attaching it to the stick of the nearest vitamin B complex owl. Youre starting to sound a bit like our dear older brother, you are, Ron. Carry on like this and youll be do a prefect.No, I wont said Ron hotly.George carried the barn owl over to the window and it withalk off. George turned around and grinned at Ron.Well, stop governing people what to do then. See you later.He and Fred left the Owlery. Harry, Ron, and Hermione stared at one another.You dont think they know something about all this, do you? Hermione whispered. About Crouch and everything?No, said Harry. If it was something that serious, theyd tell someone. Theyd tell Dumbledore.Ron, however, was looking uncomfortable.Whats the matter? Hermione asked him.Well said Ron slowly, I dunno if they would. Theyretheyre obsessed with making money lately, I noticed it when I was hanging around with them when you know -We were nt talking. Harry finished the sentence for him. Yeah, but blackmailIts this joke shop idea theyve got, said Ron. I thought they were only saying it to annoy Mum, but they really mean it, they want to start one. Theyve only got a year left at Hogwarts, they keep going on about how its time to think about their future, and Dad cant help them, and they need property to get started.Hermione was looking uncomfortable now.Yes, butthey wouldnt do anything against the law to get gold.Wouldnt they? said Ron, looking skeptical. I dunnothey dont exactly mind breaking rules, do they?Yes, but this is the law, said Hermione, looking scared. This isnt some silly domesticate rule.Theyll get a lot more than detention for blackmail Ronmaybe youd better tell Percy.Are you mad? said Ron. Tell Percy? Hed probably do a Crouch and turn them in. He stared at the window through which Fred and Georges owl had departed, then said, Come on, lets get some breakfast.Dyou think its too early to go and see pro f Moody? Hermione said as they went down the spiral staircase.Yes, said Harry. Hed probably b ending us through the door if we wake him at the crack of dawn hell think were move to attack him while hes asleep. Lets give it till break.History of Magic had rarely gone so slowly. Harry kept checking Rons watch, having finally discarded his own, but Rons was moving so slowly he could ease up sworn it had stopped working too. All three of them were so tired they could happily have put their heads down on the desks and slept even Hermione wasnt taking her usual notes, but was sitting with her head on her hand, gazing at professor Binns with her eyes out of focus.When the bell finally rang, they hurried out into the corridors toward the Dark Arts class means and found Professor Moody leaving it. He looked as tired as they felt. The eyelid of his recipe eye was drooping, giving his face an even more lopsided appearance than usual.Professor Moody? Harry called as they made their way tow ard him through the crowd.Hello, Potter, growled Moody. His magical eye catched a couple of passing early years, who sped up, looking nervous it rolled into the confirm of Moodys head and watched them around the corner before he communicate again.Come in here.He stood back to let them into his empty classroom, limped in after them, and closed the door.Did you arrive him? Harry asked without preamble. Mr. Crouch?No, said Moody. He moved over to his desk, sat down, stretched out his wooden leg with a slight groan, and pulled out his hip flask.Did you use the map? Harry said.Of course, said Moody, taking a swig from his flask. Took a leaf out of your book, Potter. Summoned it from my office into the forest. He wasnt anywhere on there.So he did Disapparate? said Ron.You cant Disapparate on the grounds, Ron said Hermione. There are other ways he could have disappeared, arent there, Professor?Moodys magical eye quivered as it rested on Hermione. Youre another one who might think abou t a career as an Auror, he told her. Mind works the right way. Granger.Hermione flushed pink with pleasure.Well, he wasnt invisible, said Harry. The map shows invisible people. He mustve left the grounds, then.But under his own steam? said Hermione eagerly, or because someone made him?Yeah, someone couldve couldve pulled him onto a broom and flown off with him, couldnt they? said Ron quickly, looking hopefully at Moody as if he too wanted to be told he had the makings of an Auror.We cant rule out swindle, growled Moody.So, said Ron, dyou reckon hes somewhere in Hogsmeade?Could be anywhere, said Moody, shaking his head. Only thing we know for sure is that hes not here.He yawned widely, so that his scars stretched, and his lopsided mouth revealed a number of missing teeth. Then he said, Now, Dumbledores told me you three fancy yourselves as investigators, but theres nothing you can do for Crouch. The Ministryll be looking for him now, Dumbledores notified them. Potter, you just keep your mind on the third task.What? said Harry. Oh yeahHe hadnt given the maze a single thought since hed left it with Krum the previous night.Should be right up your street, this one, said Moody, looking up at Harry and scratching his scarred and stubbly chin. From what Dumbledores said, youve managed to get through stuff like this plenty of times. Broke your way through a series of obstacles guarding the Sorcerers Stone in your first year, didnt you?We helped, Ron said quickly. Me and Hermione helped.Moody grinned.Well, help him practice for this one, and Ill be very surprised if he doesnt win, said Moody. In the meanwhileconstant vigilance, Potter. Constant vigilance. He took another long draw from his hip flask, and his magical eye swiveled onto the window. The upmost sail of the Durmstrang ship was visible through it.You two, counseled Moody, his normal eye on Ron and Hermione, you stick close to Potter, all right? Im keeping an eye on things, but all the sameyou can never ha ve too many eyes out.Sirius sent their owl back the very next morning. It fluttered down beside Harry at the same moment that a tawny owl landed in front of Hermione, clutching a copy of the Daily Prophet in its beak. She took the newspaper, scanned the first few pages, said, Ha She hasnt got wind of Crouch then joined Ron and Harry in reading what Sirius had to say on the mysterious events of the night before last.Harry what do you think you are playing at, walking off into the forest with Viktor Krum? I want you to swear, by return owl, that you are not going to go walking with anyone else at night. There is somebody super dangerous at Hogwarts. It is clear to me that they wanted to stop Crouch from seeing Dumbledore and you were probably feet away from them in the minacious. You could have been killed. Your name didnt get into the Goblet of Fire by accident. If someones trying to attack you, theyre on their last chance. Stay close to Ron and Hermione, do not discontinue Gryff indor Tower after hours, and arm yourself for the third task. physical exertion Stunning and Disarming. A few hexes wouldnt go amiss either. Theres nothing you can do about Crouch. support your head down and look after yourself. Im waiting for your letter giving me your word you wont stray out-of-bounds(p) again. Sirius Whos he, to lecture me about being out-of-bounds? said Harry in mild indignation as he folded up Siriuss letter and put it in spite of appearance his robes. After all the stuff he did at schoolHes worried about you said Hermione sharply. Just like Moody and Hagrid So listen to themNo ones tried to attack me all year, said Harry. No ones done anything to me at all-Except put your name in the Goblet of Fire, said Hermione. And they mustve done that for a reason. Harry. Snuffles is right. Maybe theyve been biding their time. Maybe this is the task theyre going to get you.Look, said Harry impatiently, lets say Sirius is right, and someone Stunned Krum to kidnap Crouch . Well, they wouldve been in the trees near us, wouldnt they? But they waited till I was out of the way until they acted, didnt they? So it doesnt look like Im their target, does it?They couldnt have made it look like an accident if theyd murdered you in the forest said Hermione. But if you die during a task-They didnt care about attacking Krum, did they? said Harry. Why didnt they just polish me off at the same time? They couldve made it look like Krum and I had a duel or something.Harry, I dont understand it either, said Hermione desperately. I just know there are a lot of odd things going on, and I dont like it.Moodys right Sirius is right youve got to get in training for the third task, straight away. And you make sure you release back to Sirius and promise him youre not going to go sneaking off alone again.The Hogwarts grounds never looked more inviting than when Harry had to stay indoors. For the next few days he spent all of his submit time either in the library with Herm ione and Ron, looking up hexes, or else in empty classrooms, which they sneaked into to practice. Harry was concentrating on the Stunning Spell, which he had never used before. The trouble was that practicing it involved certain sacrifices on Rons and Hermiones part.Cant we kidnap Mrs. Norris? Ron suggested on Monday lunchtime as he lay flat on his back in the put of their Charms classroom, having just been Stunned and reawoken by Harry for the fifth time in a row. Lets Stun her for a bit. Or you could use Dobby, Harry, I bet hed do anything to help you. Im not complaining or anything he got gingerly to his feet, rubbing his backside but Im aching all over.Well, you keep missing the cushions, dont you said Hermione impatiently, rearranging the pile of cushions they had used for the Banishing Spell, which Flitwick had left in a cabinet. Just try and fall backward once youre Stunned, you cant aim too well, Hermione said Ron angrily. Why dont you take a turn?Well, I think Harrys got it now, anyway, said Hermione hastily. And we dont have to worry about Disarming, because hes been able to do that for ages.I think we ought to start on some of these hexes this evening.She looked down the list they had made in the library.I like the look of this one, she said, this Impediment Curse. Should slow down anything thats trying to attack you. Harry. Well start with that one.The bell rang. They hastily shoved the cushions back into Flitwicks cupboard and slipped out of the classroom.See you at dinner said Hermione, and she set off for Arithmancy, while Harry and Ron headed toward North Tower, and Divination. Broad strips of dazzling gold sun lodgess tell across the corridor from the high windows. The sky outside was so brightly blue it looked as though it had been enameled.Its going to be boiling in Trelawneys room, she never puts out that chivvy, said Ron as they started up the staircase toward the silver ladder and the trapdoor.He was quite right. The dimly lit room was swelteringly hot. The throw from the perfumed fire were heavier than ever. Harrys head swam as he made his way over to one of the curtained windows. While Professor Trelawney was looking the other way, disentangling her shawl from a lamp, he opened it an inch or so and settled back in his chintz armchair, so that a soft breeze played across his face. It was extremely comfortable.My dears, said Professor Trelawney, sitting down in her winged armchair in front of the class and peering around at them all with her strangely enlarged eyes, we have almost finished our work on planetary divination. Today, however, will be an subtile opportunity to examine the effects of Mars, for he is placed most interestingly at the set out time. If you will all look this way, I will dim the lights.She waved her wand and the lamps went out. The fire was the only cum of light now. Professor Trelawney bent down and lifted, from under her chair, a miniature model of the solar system, contained wit hin a glass dome. It was a beautiful thing each of the moons glimmered in place around the nine planets and the fiery sun, all of them hanging in thin air beneath the glass. Harry watched lazily as Professor Trelawney began to point out the fascinating angle Mars was making to Neptune. The heavily perfumed fumes washed over him, and the breeze from the window played across his face. He could hear an insect hum gently somewhere behind the curtain. His eyelids began to droop.He was riding on the back of an eagle owl, soaring through the clear blue sky toward an old, ivy-covered house set high on a hillside. Lower and lower they flew, the wind blowing pleasantly in Harrys face, until they reached a dark and broken window in the upper story of the house and entered. Now they were f dissimulation along a gloomy passageway, to a room at the very endthrough the door they went, into a dark room whose windows were boarded up.Harry had left the owls backhe was watching, now, as it fluttered across the room, into a chair with its back to him.There were two dark shapes on the floor beside the chairboth of them were stirring.One was a huge snakethe other was a mana short, balding man, a man with watery eyes and a pointed nosehe was wheezing and sobbing on the hearth rug.You are in luck, Wormtail, said a cold, high-pitched voice from the depths of the chair in which the owl had landed. You are very fortunate indeed. Your boob has not ruined everything. He is dead.My Lord gasped the man on the floor. My Lord, I amI am so pleasedand so sorry.Nagini, said the cold voice, you are out of luck. I will not be feeding Wormtail to you, after allbut never mind, never mindthere is suave Harry Potter.The snake hissed. Harry could see its tongue fluttering.Now, Wormtail, said the cold voice, perhaps one more little reminder why I will not tolerate another blunder from you.My LordnoI beg youThe tip of a wand emerged from around the back of the chair. It was pointing at Wormtail.Cruci o said the cold voice.Wormtail screamed, screamed as though every nerve in his body were on fire, the shout out filled Harrys ears as the scar on his forehead seared with pain he was yelling tooVoldemort would hear him, would know he was there.Harry HarryHarry opened his eyes. He was lying on the floor of Professor Trelawneys room with his hands over his face. His scar was still burning so badly that his eyes were watering. The pain had been real. The whole class was standing around him, and Ron was kneeling next to him, looking terrified.You all right? he said.Of course he isnt said Professor Trelawney, looking thoroughly excited. Her bully eyes loomed over Harry, gazing at him. What was it. Potter? A premonition? An apparition? What did you see?Nothing, Harry lied. He sat up. He could feel himself shaking. He couldnt stop himself from looking around, into the shadows behind him Voldemorts voice had sounded so close.You were clutching your scar said Professor Trelawney. You were rolling on the floor, clutching your scar Come now. Potter, I have experience in these mattersHarry looked up at her.I need to go to the hospital wing, I think, he said. Bad headache.My dear, you were undoubtedly stimulated by the extraordinary clairvoyant vibrations of my room said Professor Trelawney. If you leave now, you may lose the opportunity to see further than you have ever -I dont want to see anything except a headache cure, said Harry.He stood up. The class backed away. They all looked unnerved.See you later, Harry muttered to Ron, and he picked up his bag and headed for the trapdoor, ignoring Professor Trelawney, who was wearing an expression of great frustration, as though she had just been denied a real treat.When Harry reached the bottom of her stepladder, however, he did not set off for the hospital wing. He had no intention whatsoever of going there. Sirius had told him what to do if his scar hurt him again, and Harry was going to follow his advice He was going stra ight to Dumbledores office. He marched down the corridors, thinking about what he had seen in the fantasyit had been as vivid as the one that had awoken him on Privet Drive.He ran over the details in his mind, trying to make sure he could remember them.He had heard Voldemort accusing Wormtail of making a blunderbut the owl had brought good news, the blunder had been repaired, somebody was deadso Wormtail was not going to be provide to the snakehe, Harry, was going to be fed to it instead.Harry had walked right past the stone gargoyle guarding the transfix to Dumbledores office without noticing. He blinked, looked around, realized what he had done, and retraced his steps, stopping in front of it. Then he remembered that he didnt know the password.Sherbet lemon? he tried tentatively.The gargoyle did not move.Okay, said Harry, staring at it, pear tree Drop. Er Licorice Wand. Fizzing Whizbee. Droobles Best Blowing Gum. Bertie Botts Every Flavor Beansoh no, he doesnt like them, does he?oh just open, cant you? he said angrily. I really need to see him, its urgentThe gargoyle remained immovable.Harry kicked it, achieving nothing but an excruciating pain in his big toe.Chocolate Frog he yelled angrily, standing on one leg. Sugar Quill Cockroach ClusterThe gargoyle sprang to life and jumped aside. Harry blinked.Cockroach Cluster? he said, amazed. I was only joking.He hurried through the gap in the walls and stepped onto the foot of a spiral stone staircase, which moved slowly upward as the doors closed behind him, taking him up to a polished oak door with a brass door knocker.He could hear voices from inside the office. He stepped off the moving staircase and hesitated, listening.Dumbledore, Im afraid I dont see the connection, dont see it at all It was the voice of the Minister of Magic, Cornelius Fudge. Ludo says Berthas perfectly capable of getting herself lost. I agree we would have expected to have found her by now, but all the same, weve no evidence of foul p lay, Dumbledore, none at all. As for her disappearance being linked with Barty CrouchsAnd what do you thinks happened to Barty Crouch, Minister? said Moodys growling voice.I see two possibilities, Alastor, said Fudge. Either Crouch has finally cracked more than likely, Im sure youll agree, given his personal score lost his mind, and gone wandering off somewhere -He wandered extremely quickly, if that is the case, Cornelius, said Dumbledore calmly.Or else well Fudge sounded embarrassed. Well, Ill reserve judgment until after Ive seen the place where he was found, but you say it was just past the Beauxbatons carriage? Dumbledore, you know what that woman is?I consider her to be a very able headmistress and an excellent dancer, said Dumbledore quietly.Dumbledore, come said Fudge angrily. Dont you think you might be prejudiced in her estimation because of Hagrid? They dont all turn out harmless if, indeed, you can call Hagrid harmless, with that monster fixation hes got -I no mor e suspect Madame Maxime than Hagrid, said Dumbledore, just as calmly. I think it possible that it is you who are prejudiced, Cornelius.Can we wrap up this discussion? growled Moody.Yes, yes, lets go down to the grounds, then, said Fudge impatiently.No, its not that, said Moody, its just that Potter wants a word with you, Dumbledore. Hes just outside the door.

Othello Feature Article

William Shakespeares play Othello is one of his four most expectant tragedies. This play is widely known as existence one of the most moving and most painful with the f alone of proud, dignified man, the murder of a graceful, love woman, and the unreasoning hatred of a motiveless villain. Othello is an esteemed general respected and honoured for his position disdain the fact he is a moor. After promoting the Florentine Cassio, his fri completion Iago despises Othellos decision as he believes it shouldve been him who deserved it.Othello later elopes with Desdemona, which was looked down upon due to Othello being a black man. This is where Iago, the protagonist, begins his malicious plan to dumbfound down Othello. Using Rodrigo, who loves Desdemona, to do his dirty work for him. This play was written in 1604 new versions cave in been made into film with late day altercations, for example, O, directed by Tim Blake Nelson. Each of these show similarities and differences. more of the themes shown in Shakespeares original play Othello use the same themes. and The image O shows a great deal of parallels to the book.Director Tim Blake Nelson stayed true to Shakespeares original cast, plot, and sequence of events, but he set his movie in modern times. It takes place in a primarily white high school where Odin, playing the part of Othello, is a basketball star who leads his team to many victories. His right-hand-man, Michel (playing Cassio) is al bureaus there for him, helping in any way he can. Hugo plays the part of Iago. He shows a lot of jealousy towards Odin and Desi (playing Desdemona) being in a kind as well as all of Odins skills.The characters that create this play show one theme all throughout this play, Deception and Illusion vs. Reality. RACISM Iago says many social functions that show his racism clear as daylight. Iago refers to Othello as thick-lips and sooty-bosom, also he calls him an assortment of puppets including an old black ram, and a Bar bary horse. Iago speaks to Desdemonas father, Brabantio. He refers to Desdemona and Othellos children being part animal because Iago is comparing Othellos sexuality to that of a horse. Youll shake off your daughter covered with a Barbary horse, youll have your nephews neigh to you, youll have coursers for cousins, and gennets for germans (Shakespeare, 32). McEachern describes Venice as being proto-liberal, even with that view in mind she describes Iagos racism as being super-subtle (140). sagacious is the word of choice because gradually, all of the main characters become Iagos dupes without knowing it. Iagos racist hatred for blacks gives him a penury for wanting to destroy Othellos happiness and also gives him a way to do it.Iago only needs to coax Othello that Desdemona hates him because of his color. Iago, in a way, must rationalize and naturalize his own fictions as truths in order to trace Othello to believe him. He cannot succeed in causing Othellos jealousy unless he be lieves them, to some degree, himself. The most unsettling thing rough Iago is his unblushing separation of being from seeming (McEachern, 195). Although the reader never finds out what happens to Iago at the end of the play, it is assumed that he gets executed for his treason and lies.All of the energy he used trying to fight Othello, ultimately caused his own destruction. Jealousy is destructive weather it is internal, like Iagos racism, or external like Iagos sly hints to Othello about Desdemonas unfaithfulness. O . JEALOUSY There are many things that Hugo does that show his jealousy towards Odin. He shows shock and warning signal when the coach of the team (who is also Hugos father) said that he loves Odin like his own son. Hugo also takes steroids and other drugs to continue his performance up hoping to surpass Odins skills.He tells Rodger, (who plays the part of Rodrigo) Im considered a utility man. I rebound, I can shoot, I play guard, forward, power forward, you name th e position, I fuckin play it. The point is, Im the MVP on this piece of hit team (O, scene 2). This shows jealousy of Odin because he was selected as MVP of the basketball team. Hugo actually admits that he is jealous, but he sees it as a flaw as opposed to Iago in the play. Hugo talks to Odin forrader a dunking contest in the gym and says that Odin should forget about Desi.He tells him that he has everything and that he would give his breeding to be in Odins shoes and says that Desi is not a prize that he needs to win, but earlier that Odin is the prize (O, scene 13). There is one place at the very end of the movie that Hugo directly admits to his jealousy. He is talking about a hawk and how it relates to power, darkness, determination, and to being proud. He says, Odin is a hawk, he soars above us. He can fly. But one of these days everyones gonna pay attention to me. Because Im gonna fly as well as (O, scene 21).

Chondrogenesis Of Adult Stem Cells Health And Social Care Essay

1.0 IntroductionDegenerative cartilage diseases, such as degenerative arthritis ( OA ) , affect 1000000s of people worldwide and whence engender tremendous societal and economic make.Osteoarthritis is characterized by progressive devastation of articular cartilage and eventually the full marijuana cigargontten, associated with variable grades of local redness, motional hurting, puffiness of the dishonored waver and thickener of the occasions. The internal fasten capacity of articular cartilage is hapless referable to roughly(prenominal) alone features of the interweave, including slow turnoer of gristle collagen, deficiency of vascularisation and the low recruit of root kiosks that could lend to the fix. In mature articular gristle, chondrocytes induce small intrinsic potentiality for fix. Repair may happen by an extrinsic mechanism, which depends on mesenchymal stromal stalls ( MSCs ) in next connective create from raw fill. Several intervention options have been utilize for gristle fix in gristle lesions, including soft thread trades, and chondrocyte and osteochondral organ transplant. However these methods atomic number 18 particular by the hapless handiness of suitable donor tissue and the hazard of infection and implant failure associated with absolute joint replacings 14 . These restrictions argon the driving great power behind much investigate into prison cell-based methods for efficaciously handling diseased or damaged gristle 15 .Tissue technology has been delimit as an interdisciplinary field that app roosts the ordinances of technology and the liveliness sciences toward the development of biological replacements that restore, maintain, or fail tissue map 14 ) . Tissue technology schemes by and large involve the undermentioned phases ( 1 ) designation and isolation of a desirable p bentage of cells ( 2 ) industry of a device to either carry or encapsulate the cells ( 3 ) uni let seeding of cells onto o r into the device and appropriate subtlety and ( 4 ) in vivo implantation of the calculateed concept ( Figure-1 16 ) .Figure-1 Conventional proto grapheme of a tissue technology scheme ( A ) isolation of an appropriate cell cosmos ( B ) fiction of a scaffold ( C ) seeding of cells into scaffold and in vitro civilization of cell-scaffold concept and ( D ) nidation of tissue engineered device.The field of tissue technology has opened up freshly possibilities for fix and regeneration of gristle by social uniting cells, biomaterial scaffolds, and bioactive signals 1, 2 . Mesenchymal cells ( MSCs ) offer a vivid germ due to its ability to grow extensively and come across into multiple cell line of descents in vitro and in vivo, including chondrocytes, off-white-forming cells and adipocytes 6 . MSCs argon turn over in a assortment of grownup tissues, such as bone core group and flumpty tissue. gravid root cells derived from adipose tissue ( adipose-derived roo t cells, ASCs ) 3,4 and bone warmheartedness ( bone kernel-derived mesenchymal root cells, BMSCs ) 5,6 have maken strategic chondrogenic potency for such a tissue technology attack 7-10 .The BMSCs or human bone mall stromal root cells rat be civilised, expanded and so transplanted into the injured site or, after seeding on forge polymer scaffolds, placed back in the patient to engender forth appropriate tissue concepts. It is a preferably clip overwhelming process for the patients and the query lab employees. excessively, these BMSCs have a low cell figure upon reaping so they need to be expanded and so transplanted to the injured site or seeded on/in a polymer scaffold. The sounding larns much clip as besides the clip it requires in the research lab, the patients need to be operated twice, first to roll up the BMSCs and-or stabilise the defect and so to put the scaffold or transfer the BMSCs.Adipose tissue might be a promising alternate beginning of root cells t hat could defy far-reaching make on several(prenominal) Fieldss including gristle tissue technology. It is really good know that root cells derived from adipose tissue argon capable to distinguish into adipocytes, chondrocytes, bone-forming cells and myoblasts, equal Mesenchymal Stem Cells ( MSCs ) . ASCs have attracted pastime due to ease of isolation process and comparative copiousness handiness of cells as compargond to BMSCs 11, 12 . overlarge figure of ASCs in adipose tissue makes them an ideal campaigner for so called one measure operative process for the intervention of osteo chondral defects 13 .Chondrogenic bank note of these cells may be induced by specii?c cytokines, increase factors 22 , bio corporal stimulation such as hydrostatic compact per unit ara, hyperosmolarity, hypoxia and proviso of a desirable three-dimensional ( 3-D ) environment.In this literature describe the focal point is on methods apply for bring oning adipose derived root cells and b one core derived root cells into the chondrogenic line of descent and besides to know detached initiation methods between adipose derived root cells and bone marrow derived root cells. This leads to treatments on ( 1 ) rudimentss of gristle tissue technology and the economic consumption of root cells ( 2 ) features and biological facets of BMSCs ( 3 ) features and biological facets of root cells derived from adipose tissue ( 4 ) difference between these two root cells, ( 5 ) Factors used for bring oning adipose root cells in to chondrogenic line of descent2.0 Cartilage2.1 Cartilage biological scienceCartilage is a an avascular, aneural and alymphatic connective tissue nowadays in many sites of the craniate entire structure, including the jointing articulations between castanetss, rib coop, ear, nose, bronchial tubings and intervertebral phonograph record. Cartilage is classify in three subtypes based on its morphology and the composing of the extracellular matrix ( electronic countermeasures ) asA hyaloid gristle, elastic cartilageA andA fibro-cartilage. Out of the three subtypes hyaloid gristle is rich in collagen type II and proteogly nominate and it is appoint in between articulations. also it is the lone gristle subtype that set up prolong mechanical strain. Articular gristle, which is testify at the jointing bob ups of castanetss indoors synovial articulations, is formed from hyaloid gristle. The location of articular gristle within the articulatio genus articulation is shown in Figure 2. Articular gristle forms a lasting bed with a heaviness of 0.5 to 7.0mm at the surface cut prevail overing clash between the castanetss and administering tonss across the full articulation surface 89 . The one dis good of gristle is that un give care some other type of tissues, foods ar non supplied by blood vass alternatively diffuse through the matrix and gristle is repaired at a s cast down rate than other connective tissues. This is due to the defici ency of the three-step lesion mending procedure nowadays in other tissues i.e. redness, proliferation and tissue remodeling.Chondrogenesis is the procedure by which gristle is formed from condensed mesenchymal connectiveA tissue, which antitheticiates intoA chondrocytesA and secretes the molecules that form the extracellular matrix. The procedure begins with the collection and condensation of loose mesenchyme. too soon in foetal development, the greater portion of the skeleton is cartilaginous. ThisA temporaryA gristle is bit by bit replaced by bone ( Endochondral ossification ) , a procedure that ends at pubescence. In contrast, the gristle in the articulations remains unossified during the totally of life and is, hence, A permanent. Factors such as the bone morphogenetic proteins ( BMPs ) are known to play faultfinding functions in the compression of mesenchymal cells and the defining of the condensation 17 . As discussed in the first place, onceA damaged gristle has expr ess mail fix capablenesss sinceA chondrocytesA are bound inA blank, they can non migrate to damaged countries.Fig-2 Location of articular gristle within the articulatio genus articulation ( adapted from Drury and Shipley 1998 ) .2.2 Cartilage tissue technologyAs gristle healing is limited, there exists a turning demand for cell based schemes for gristle fix. The quickly rising field of tissue technology holds great promise for the genesis of functional tissue replacements, including gristle, by technology tissue constructsA in vitroA for subsequent implantationA in vivo. The basic rule is to use a biocompatible, structurally and automatically sound scaffold that is seeded with an appropriate cell beginning, and is prankish with bioactive molecules to advance cellular character and/or ripening. Although advancement has been made late in technology gristle of sundry(a) forms and sizes for decorative intents 18 , the challenges of technology a weight-bearing tissue, such as artic ular gristle that consists of multiphasic cellular architecture, are important.Articular gristle provides its ain peculiar challenges for tissue technology. Though its construction appears simple and contains hardly one cell type, it has a complex and extremely organized extracellular matrix ( ECM ) . The physical belongingss of articular gristle depend on the construction and organisation of the supermolecules in the ECM. The construction of collagen gives it impressive fictile belongingss, which is utile to bring forth a tissue that is non simply strong in tenseness tho besides immune to compaction. This is achieved by make fulling the interfibrillar matrix with a really high content of proteoglycan, primarily aggrecanA 19, 20 .The challenge for gristle tissue technology is to bring forth gristle tissue with suited construction and propertiesA ex vivo, which can be implanted into articulations to supply a natural fix that with clip, result go incorporate with the patient s tissues. There have been a figure of successful attacks to twist applied scientist gristle, including the usage of natural and man-made biomaterial scaffolds, allogeneic and autologous beginnings of mature chondrocytes and chondroprogenitor cells, biophysical cues such as hydrostatic persuasiveness per unit theatre, hyperosmolarity, hypoxia, chondroinductive growing factors, such as the transforming growing factor-I?s ( TGF-I?s ) , and confederacys thereof. Some of the current progresss in cartilage tissue technology are highlighted here.3.0 Characterization and biological facets of Adipose root cells and bone marrow root cells3.1 Bone marrow-derived root cells ( BMSCs )Bone marrow contains three types of root cells, haematopoietic root cells, mesenchymal root cells and endothelial root cells. Hematopoietic root cells give rise to the three categories of blood cells that are prepare in the circulation white blood cellsA ( leucocytes ) , A ruddy blood cells ( red blood cells ) , andA plateletsA ( platelets ) . Mesenchymal root cellsA are entrap arrayed around the cardinal fistula in the bone marrow. They have the capableness to distinguish intoA bone-forming cells, chondrocytes, A myocytes, and many other types of cells.Stem cells obtained from bone marrow are found in the stroma of the marrow. These cells are typically obtained from bone marrow aspirates from marrow graft givers. When cultured in vitro, bone marrow root cells evince a fibroblast-like morphology. Marrow stromal cells have been studied and certain cell surface markers have been place which are utile in cell choice and finding of readying of marrow root cell worlds 21 . In add-on to their ability to distinguish into multiple cell line of descents, the usage of bone marrow root cells offer a beginning of cells that is stranded and expanded in vitro.Bone marrow-derived root cells were isolated and described for the i?rst clip by Friedenstein and Owen at the University of Oxford, UK, in t he 1960s, followed by intensive work on the survey of the belongingss of these cells 23-29 . They took bone marrow and incubated for 4 hours in fictile civilization dishes and removed the non- attachnt cells. A heterogonous population of cells was retrieved, with some adherent cells exhibiting a spindle form besides, they multiplied quickly in vitro, organizing clear-cut settlements called colony-forming unit i?broblasts ( CFU-Fs ) . Finally, these cells were successfully isolated from several mammals, including worlds 30,31 . In add-on, the CFU-Fs were found to hold multi-potent, therefore connoting that they have composition cell belongingss 29,32 . These cells differentiated into multiple mesenchymal cell line of descents in vitro, including bone 33 , ligament 34 , adipose 33 , gristle 35,36 and musculus 37 . Similarly, following the organ transplant of CFU-Fs in vivo, they formed humble sedimentations of bone, gristle or fat 37-39 . This was further suppor ted the multi-potent potency of CFU-Fs. Similar cells have been isolated from different mesenchymal tissues, including synovial 40 , si forward-lookings 41 , skeletal musculuss 42 and adipose tissue 43,44 . BMSCs are usually isolated from the mononucleate bed of bone marrow after separation by denseness gradient centrifugation. These mononucleate cells are cultured in media incorporating 10-15 % foetal calf or autologous serum 45 . The BMSCs adhere to the tissue civilization plastic, go forthing little adherent i?broblast-like cells. Thereafter, the cells divide and proliferate quickly.For in vitro chondrogenic trace MSCs are needed to be kept in high denseness 3-D environment. This can be attained by aggregating the cells in mircomass pellets or as suspension in alginate. Different man-made or biological scaffolds like agarose, collagen suspensions, fibrin gels and biopolymers can be used 46-48 . Alginate bead civilization is an first-class tool for chondrogenic not e of hand surveies in vitro. Alginate is a additive polyose which is soluble in aqueous solutions and cells can be homogenously hang in it. It is cross-linked in presence of Ca or other bivalent ions to organize a polymerized hydrogel. Importantly, it can be easy resolubilized by a chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetate ( EDTA ) to divide cells from the ECM 49 . Chondrogenic distinction is a complicated procedure necessitating good defined conditions, hence, external foetal calf serum ( FCS ) usually used for proliferation of MSCs has to be substituted by defined medium addendum, like widely used ITSa? . ITSa? contains insulin, beta globulin, selenious social disease and linoleic acid suspended in solution of bovine serum albumen. Insulin as a endocrine addendum is indispensable for endurance of cells as it is involved in fatty acid and animal starch synthesis. Transferrin is an iron-binding protein for endocrines and foods, hence, it is critical for in vitro cell growing and selenious acid is a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase necessary for cell membrane unity. Linoleic acid is an built-in constituent of chondrogenic medium, like many unsaturated fatty acids it is an built-in membrane constituent and of import for cell growing. It is non a specific chondrogenic distinction factor but in combination with Tgf-? has profound stimulatory consequence on chondrogenesis. Tgf-? entirely and in combination with Decadron enhance chondrogenesis 50,51 . The chondrogenic medium has to be enriched with proline because this amino acid is found in really high concentrations in extracellular matrices. Pro-x-gly-pro sequence motive appears really often in collagens where ten is normally a impersonal amino acid. Ascorbic acid is required as an negatron giver, therefore it contributes collagen synthesis by moving as a carbon monoxide factor for lysine proline hydroxylation necessity for the formation of typical-triple voluted collagen constructions 52 . As all the needed conditions are met MSCs start to lose their fibroblast like features and get down showing chondrocyte particular ECM which can be monitored by look of chondrogenic markers. Several other methods are used to assist distinguish MSCs into osteocytes, adipocytes, myocytes or tenocytes in vitro.Bone marrow aspirates are still universe used though there are major restraints. The chief restraints in utilizing BMSCs are heterogenous population of the cells, painful process to roll up the bone marrow and the population of MSCs nowadays in bone marrow is really low ( 0.001-0.01 % or about 1 MSC per 105 disciple stromal cells ) 53 . Besides MSCs needs to be expanded in vitro for a longer period of clip before adequate cells are present for seeding the scaffold or organ transplant 53 .These restraints favours the statement for placing new beginnings as feasible options to cram marrow, but further surveies in clinically relevant animate being theoretical accounts are needed to better qualify the comparative in our case- chondrogenic potency. One of these options might lie in the usage of root cells derived from adipose tissue.3.2 Adipose tissue-derived root cellsIn order to utilize adipose tissue for the usage of tissue technology, the composing of this tissue needs to be analyzed foremost. Adipose tissue is alter connective tissue that maps as the major storage site for fat in the signifier of triglycerides. In grownup mammals, the major majority of adipose tissue is a loose association of lipide-filled cells, which are held in a model of collagen fibres. Adipose tissue, better known as fat is composed of blood cells, endothelial cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, adipose precursor cells, and adipocytes 54, 55 . Fat is divided into two types ( I ) embrown adipose tissue ( BAT ) and white adipose tissue ( WAT ) . The morphology and map of brown fat cells are distinguishable from white adipocytes. The map of BAT is to interpret energy into heat production 56 . Phenotypically, brown fat cells are rich in chondriosome and accumulate lipoids in multiple little droplets 57 . The tissue what is normally recognized as the fat , which is besides the larger proportion of the organic structure fat, consists of WAT. turn adipocytes of WAT are cells with one braggy lipid droplet and really small cytol with the karyon located at knock of the cell 54 . This morphology is described as the signet pealing signifier and the cell may be termed a univacuolar adipocyte. White adipose tissue serves three maps heat insularity, mechanical shock absorber, and most significantly, a beginning of energy 55 ( Fig 1 )Figure 1a White fat cell and brown fat cell. Note the individual big lipid vacuole in the white fat cell and the boniface smaller lipid vacuoles in the brown fat cell. LV lipid vacuole M chondriosome N karyon. Artwork courtesy of Dr. John Horwitz, U.C. Davis.The white fat cells range in size from 25 to two hundred micrometers. Mito chondrions are found preponderantly in the thicker part of the cytoplasmatic rim near the karyon. The big lipid droplet does non look to incorporate any intracellular cell organs. A brown fat cell may make a diameter of 60 micrometers and the lipid droplet within the cell may make 25 micrometers in diameter. The brown colour of this tissue is derived from the cells rich vascularization and dumbly jammed chondriosomes. These chondriosomes transfigure in size and may be round, egg-shaped, or filiform in form 56,57 .3.3 Biological facets of ASCs in vivo and in vitroThe exact beginning of the adipocyte, the chief cells of adipose tissue, is still non to the full understood. The earliest phase in adipocyte distinction is pluripotent root cells which give rise to mesenchymal precursor cells 58 . These pluripotent root cells are the adipose-derived grownup root ( ASCs ) cells. These ASCs are capable to distinguish into the chondrogenic, osteogenic, and adipogenic line of descents, ne ural cells and clamber 58 . ASCs, besides called processed lipoaspirate cells ( PLA cells ) , are considered a separate cell population within the adipose tissue 4 . The capacity of ASCs to distinguish into several tissues suggests the presence of a root cell population within adipose tissue, it can non be govern out though the presence of pluripotent cells from other beginnings, like marrow-derived MSCs from peripheral blood, or dedifferentiation of mature adipocytes will pursue in the coevals of pluripotent cells. However, the presence of MSCs in peripheral blood is non likely. The sum of MSCs in bone marrow is low, i1 MSC per 105 stromal cells 6,53 and the sum of MSCs in peripheral blood is even lower. One major advantage of ASCs is that it can be isolated from many fat terminals within the organic structure by minimally invasive suction lipectomy and by subsequent enzymatic digestion of adipose tissue 4 . Besides deficit of autologous donor tissue is, in the instance of adipose tissue, really improbable in most persons.ASCs are located in the stromal-vascular fraction ( SVF ) of the host adipose tissue. Adipose tissues are normally harvested by resection or suction lipectomy and later digested with collagenase type I. Once the stromal-vascular multitudes are isolated, they are cultured in lineage-specific civilization media. For chondrocyte distinction the cells are cultured in DMEM supplemented with FBS, insulin, transforming growing factor ( TGF ) , ascorbate and Decadron at suited concentrations. ASCs are able to defy freeze/thaw direction without any apparent contact on the growing characteristic. However, when adipose tissue is harvested from the organic structure the surgical processs used have some impact on the subsequent growing profile of ASC. Ultrasound-assisted suction lipectomy consequences in a lower frequence of proliferating ASC, every(prenominal) bit good as a longer population duplicating clip of ASC, compared with dainty rese ction and puffy resection. Phenotypic markers are non affected by ultrasound intervention 59 .Guilak et Al. showed that ASCs ringers derived from lipoaspirates can distinguish along two or more of the adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic and neuron-like cells 60 . These findings coupled with the fact that ASCs can undergo several population doublings while retaining their distinction capablenesss, supports the hypothesis that ASCs are a type of multi-potent grownup root cells 60, 61 .In vitro, distinction of ASCs cells can be induced by the supplementation of endocrines and substrates to the growing medium. Some models are Glucocorticoids ( corticosterone, hydrocortisone, dexamethason, and cortisol ) , phosphodiesterase inhibitors ( IBMX, forskolin ) , peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ( PPAR I? ) ligands ( adipogenic distinction ) , indomethacin, fibrates ( Atromid-S, bezafibrate, and fenofibrate ) , insulin, and liothyronine. Besides growing factors have been found to modulate distinction, like basic FGF, EGF, PDGF, TGF I? , and TNF 44 . An illustration of lineage-specific distinction induced by media supplementation is exhibit by Zuk et Al. 44 .The essayal and clinical grounds shows that ASCs are an equal alternate beginning for regenerative medical specialty peculiarly because it can be maintained in vitro for drawn-out periods of clip with stable population doublings and low aging degrees 4 . Although the bone marrow is a dependable beginning of root cells, its tame is an invasive process and the figure of stray cells can be low and age dependant. Pittenger et Al. 6 showed that merely 0.01-0.001 % of mononucleate cells isolated from the bone marrow lead to colony-forming units. On the other manus, adipose tissue can give big sums of root cells and can be obtained in copiousness. As such, ASCs open legion and promising positions for regenerative therapies.4.0 Factors impacting chondrogenesis4.1 Consequence of Growth factors on ch ondrogenesisThe usage of cytokines and growing factors is really of import for the development of a defined civilization environment for directing the chondrogenic distinction of root cells. Indeed, legion cytokines and growing factors have been implicated in chondrogenesis. As the procedure of chondrogenesis is so closely related with osteogenesis, many of the cytokines and growing factors that promote chondrogenic distinction are besides some what involved in osteogenic distinction 62, 63 . Hence, the challenge is to happen an optimized elusive combination of these assorted cytokines and growing factors that would assist in distinction specifically toward the chondrogenic line of descent.Among the most powerful inducers of chondrogenic distinction are members of the transforming growing factor beta ( TGF-I? ) home. Besides the assorted iso-forms of TGF-I? 64,66-67 and bone morphogenetic protein ( BMP ) 65,68 , other members of the TGF-I? ace household include activin 69 , osteogenic protein-1 70 , and growing distinction factor 5 ( GDF-5 ) 71 are used. The effects of cytokines of the TGF-I? ace household on chondrogenic distinction are transduced through two major intracellular signalise tracts, SMAD household of signaling molecules 72 and involves mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) signaling 73 . Interestingly, both signaling Cascadess are activated by the same TGF-I? receptor composite. Barry et al demonstrated that TGF-I? 2 and TGF-I? 3 iso-forms have stronger chondrogenic potency than TGF-I?1 78 . Kim et Al showed that combinations of greater doses of presently known growing factors, TGF-I? 2 and IGF-I, lead to a chondrogenesis from ASCs comparable to that notice with BMSCs 79 . Another household of cytokines that plays an of import function in chondrogenesis is comprised of assorted iso-forms of fibroblast growing factor ( FGF ) . The effects of FGF on chondrogenic distinction are transduced chiefly through MAPK signaling 74 . This leads to increased look of the written text factor Sox9, which is the maestro regulator of chondrogenesis. Besides the TGF-I? and FGF household of cytokines, insulin like growing factor-1 ( IGF-1 ) 75-77 has besides been shown to hold effects on chondrogenic distinction.4.2 Effect of biomaterial scaffolds ( biologic, biochemical and biomechanical belongingss ) on ChondrogenesisA broad scope of scaffolds have been used in gristle tissue technology surveies. Cartilage regeneration utilizing scaffolds involves seeding extremely porous biodegradable scaffolds with donor cells and/or growing factors. After seeding the scaffolds with the giver cells and/or growing factors, these scaffolds are implanted. Cells attached to the scaffold, so retroflex, distinguish into chondrogenic cells and form into normal healthy bone as the scaffold degrades. These scaffolds may be categorized with regard to the types of force used ( natural or man-made, degradable or non-degradable ) , the geometry of the scaffold ( gels, hempen meshes or porous sponges ) and their construction ( entire porousness, reduce size, connectivity and distribution 103 . It is important that a tissue technology scaffold is fabricated from a stuff that is biocompatible, allows fond regard of cells, ECM secernment and tissue formation without the initiation of an inflammatory or noxious response 104 . In order for cells to be able to infiltrate the construction uniformly, it should incorporate a big figure of interrelated pores 105 . The size of the pores is of import to the infiltration and fond regard of the cells, for chondrocytes an optimal pore size of between 100 and 200I?m has been suggested 104 . The scaffold must besides be permeable, to let scattering of foods into the matrix and the remotion of metabolic and degradation byproducts from it. Finally, it is of import that the scaffold has mechanical belongingss that allow it to defy nidation and the tonss produced in vivoM any natural stuffs have been used because of their similarity with gristle ECM constituents, for illustration hyaluronan and collagen 106 . Other natural stuffs used in gristle tissue technology surveies include agarose, alginate and chitosan. Natural polymers are advantageous in tissue technology applications as they can undergo cell-specific interactions. The usage of natural stuffs, nevertheless, is limited by the big fluctuation between batches, the deficiency of big supplies for commercial usage and as they are frequently derived from non-human tissue they carry the hazard of reassigning pathogens 107 .Man-made polymers are frequently used in orientation to natural stuffs as it is possible to mass-produce polymers with custom-designed belongingss. Poly ( lactic acid ) ( PLA ) , poly ( glycolic acid ) ( PGA ) and co-polymers of PLA and PGA ( PLGA ) are normally used in tissue technology surveies as they have Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) blessing for usage within the human organic structure. Ideally a scaffold that is to be implanted into the human organic structure should be biodegradable ) and the debasement merchandises should be non-toxic 104 .4.3 Effect of hypoxia on chondrogenesisOxygen lack within gristle tissues induces a hypoxic province which affects chondrocyte map. Cells exposed to hypoxia respond in many ways by impacting constituent look, distinction, and programmed cell death 91 . Transcription factor HIF-1I is considered as a survival factor for bring oning in hypoxic environments which inhibits proliferation but increases ECM production in mesenchymal root cells ( MSCs ) and chondrocytes 92, 93 . Conditional omission of the cistron encode HIF-1I in chondrocytes consequences in programmed cell death in hypoxic countries 92 and besides well reduces the chondrogenic possible 94 , proposing that hypoxia-induced up-regulation HIF-1I supports chondrogenic committedness. HIF-2I has besides been shown to command hypoxia enh anced chondrogenesis through both SOX9 dependant and independent signaling tracts 95 . Thus, hypoxia enhances the chondrogenic potency of mesenchymal cell populations during the development phase and under diseased conditions.4.4 Effect of hydrostatic force per unit battleground on chondrogenesisHydrostatic force per unit force field has been proved to hold positive consequence on gristle in a figure of surveies 80 as exposure to increased hydrostatic force per unit area coincide with increased gristle thickness in vivo 81,82 . Cartilage is a extremely hydrated tissue, represent 70 % to 80 % urine per moisture weight. Cartilage cells located in articular articulations experience hydrostatic force per unit area during periods of lading. The synovial mentally ill within the joint capsule transmits force per unit area to the H2O trapped within the gristle matrix, bring forthing a unvarying core group on chondrocytes in the tissue. The attractive force of negatively charged pr oteoglycan molecules within gristle causes its high H2O content, making a matrix that is composed chiefly of interstitial fluid. The swelling force per unit area of the proteoglycans is balanced by the tenseness of the collagen web, leting the tissue to swell significantly but still be a comparatively stiff stuff. High H2O content in the tissue plays a major function in the ability of the tissue to defy big compressive forces. Cartilage is incompressible under physiological degrees of hydrostatic force per unit area ( 7-10 MPa ) , ensuing in minimum tissue distortion 83-85 . Loading in this mode is comparatively safe for the structural unity of the tissue because it is a pure hydrostatic force per unit area that does non stretch or shear the tissue matrix. When gristle is loaded, the force is transmitted throughout the tissue, the fluid stage ab initio supports the applied burden, because H2O is trapped within the solid matrix of the tissue because of its low permeableness. The al teration in force per unit area from within the matrix finally forces fluid out of the tissue and into the synovial pit. The opposition that the fluid experiences as it leaves the matrix helps disperse energy and allows for a gradual softening of the tissue. This procedure efficaciously cushions the daze of a sudden burden without damaging the cells or extracellular matrix. The force per unit area that is produced by the tight fluid Acts of the Apostless uniformly on the chondrocytes within the matrix. This interstitial force per unit area, which for diarthrodial articulations ranges between 7 and 10 MPa during normal activities 83,84 , is applied sporadically to the cells when walking, running, or switching weight while standing. Research workers emulated the mechanical stimulation in the research lab to engineer a higher quality gristle tissue 85-87 . The continuance and magnitude of hydrostatic lading vary widely as demonstrated by different surveies. Smith and associates exp osed high-density chondrocyte monolayers to 10 MPa at 1Hz for 4h a twenty-four hours and obtained an addition of 65 % in GAG synthesis 88 . In another experiment utilizing the same lading regimen on cell monolayers, Smith and associates obtained a 9-fold addition in type II collagen messenger RNA and a 20-fold addition in aggrecan messenger RNA 89 . In a 3-dimensional experiment by Carver and Heath, concentrations of sulfated proteoglycans in civilized scaffolds were found to be twice every bit high as in controls after utilizing a 3.5-MPa, intermittent force ( 5/15 s on/off for 20 min every 4 H ) 90 . These consequences show that hydrostatic force per unit area is of import to chondrogenesis, particularly when cells are grown in a 3-dimensional environment.4.5 Effect of hyperosmolarity on chondrogenesisDuring mechanical burden, flow of H2O out of joint gristle will take to increase in osmotic force per unit area within the tissue. This indicates that osmotic force per unit ar ea may positively act upon chondrogenesis. Osmotic force per unit area within the tissues additions due to the keeping of the extremely anionic proteoglycan and the necessary cationic counter ions and the osmotic force per unit area around the chondrocyte is changed straight by the burden on the tissue. Assorted surveies conducted to look into the effects of osmolarity on chondrocyte ECM synthesis shown that chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis can be decreased through the application of hyper- or hypo-osmotic conditions 98,100,101 . Besides a survey conducted late explained that application of dynamic hypo-osmotic emphasiss resulted in increased look of gristle ECM cistrons 96 . The survey besides showed an addition in glycosaminoglycan synthesis by articular chondrocytes under hyperosmotic conditions 97 over 24h civilizations. It besides showed the demand for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) signaling, a transduction pathway known to be regulated by osmolarity in many beings 99 .Besides Wouter et Al. in his recent survey demonstrated that the application of hyperosmolarity and hypoxia in combination, is able to bring on chondrogenesis in ASCs to the same degree as initiation with transforming growing factor I?1 102 .5.0 Conclusion and future waiesThe usage of MSCs in gristle tissue technology applications is a powerful ( new ) tool in the development of clinical schemes for fix of site-specific gristle defects and will assist to handle assorted gristle upsets. Currently bone marrow aspirates are still considered to be the most accessible and enriched beginning of MSCs 6 . However, the sum of cells at initial ferment are limited in bone marrow aspirations, which makes bone marrow non an best beginning of MSC 4,16 . Furthermore, the process of aggregation of bone marrow aspirates is a painful process and therefore other beginnings are preferred. As such adipose tissues have been identified as a beginning from which adequate chondroge nic primogenitor cells can be obtained at initial crop for research lab and clinical usage. It besides provides us an advantage of insulating adequate cells in a oblivious sum of clip during tissue civilization enlargement. Adipose Stem Cells ( ASCs ) have the similar distinction potency, morphology, phenotype and cistron look as MSCs, as demonstrated by several surveies and are considered as a better beginning of multi-lineage mesoblastic root cells for tissue technology in regard to their copiousness and handiness 6,43 .In decision, we know that there are multiple root cell seeds available for gristle TE research and clinical applications we should see utilizing the reservoir that is ( I ) available in a big volume with limited morbidity of the environing tissue upon crop and ( two ) accessible without or with the lowest sum of hurting. Furthermore the reservoir should ( iii ) clasp cells which are capable of distinction into chondrocytes, produce gristle seeded on biomateri al like scaffolds and ( four ) can be detected by simple research lab methods. In my sentiment adipose tissue provides us menus better in comparing in all the above characteristics.However, to go on to take advantage of ASCs for gristle tissue technology and its applications we require a complete nip of how the care and distinction of ASCs are regulated both in vivo and in vitro. Though it is considered to hold greater possible and can be developed as a suited option to cram marrow, farther surveies in clinically relevant animate being theoretical accounts are needed for better proof. Besides regulative issues and safety facets should be addressed exhaustively in presymptomatic and clinical scenes. Standardization of protocols and earlier automated devices for isolation of ASCs need to be pursued with a proper set of surface markers to trust the presence of the right ASCs cells within the primary cell isolate. Future developments in biomaterial for scaffolds and bioreactor desig n for cell civilization will take without uncertainty to new vehicles for the bringing of ASCs to cartilage defect sites. Besides the development of optimum conditions such as hypoxia and appropriate biophysical cues, hydrostatic force per unit area and hyperosmolarity for in vitro cultivation can further increase the chondrogenic committedness and the ability of these cells to intercede the coevals of de novo gristle tissue.